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Zhumaganbetov Talgat Smagululy.
Brief autobiographical notice:
He was born in 1965 on the 25 th of January, Republic Kazakhstan, Region of Actobe.
Higher education: the Ural pedagogical institute of name A.S. Pushkin, 1983-1990 1984-1986 service in Armed forces of the USSR 1990-1993 training and postgraduate study at institute of Archeology National academy of sciences of Republic Kazakhstan.
1994- protection of doctoral thesis for degree on a speciality 07.00.02 – the Domestic history. “The Social and Economic problematics of economic nomands' activities in medieval Kazakhstan”.
Scientific and pedagogical activities. Since 1997 works above the theme of statehood and legal relations for Kok-turkis (turkis – tudzue, turkis-tudu, early turkis, cooks-turkis, etc.)
Has been researching the history of the Seljuk dynasties and the Ottoman Empire since 2020.
The author of 150 scientific articles, three manuals and one monography (the list is applied below).
The chairman of state examination board on a History of Kazakhstan. Participated in years (summer) university “Open coshial institusion” 2000, 2001, 2005 years.
FOREWORD.
Dear Colleagues!
Dear readers of our site!
The history of Kazakhstan, Inner and Western Asia continues to be complex and contradictory. Many historical themes are developing at a significant pace, and some remain at the mercy of old concepts and clichés.
I would like to draw the readers' attention to the uneasy ethnic relations between Kazakhs and Mongols. The two peoples closest to each other, ethnic and political, found themselves separated by confessional barriers and historical concepts.
Now there is no controversy that the Kazakh people have absorbed three ethnic layers. This is the most ancient - Indo-Iranian; the most numerous is Turkic and the latest is Mongolian.
28 tribal Great Mongol Empire - "Yeki Mongol ulus" gave the Kazakh society not only Chinggisid khans, but also a number of tribal associations: Naimans, Kereis, Kereits, Kongrats, Zhalaiars, Kiyats and many others. The history of Kazakhs and Mongols until the 17th century was not has points of conflict. The conflict is in the 17th and 18th centuries.
The development of historical science over the past 20 years has shown that the desire ascribed to the Oirats, Dzungars and Kalmyks to allegedly commit genocide against the Kazakh people is greatly exaggerated. The elder zhuz, Kyrgyz and moguls were under the vassalage of the Dzungars for decades, maintaining their numbers and national self-identification.
The concept of an alleged genocide appeared in the 1950s. XX century. and replaced the old, anti-imperial, which was in the 20-30s. XX century. In the initial concept, Soviet power was a deliverer from national oppression and the extraordinary cruelty of the tsarist regime. All the sorrows of the Kazakh people were attributed to imperialist aspirations and the colonial policy of tsarism. The great Kazakh historian E. Bekmakhanov became an innocent victim of the introduction of this concept (we will devote the third blog to this story)
A notorious group of historians headed by T. Shoinbaev, after the war, proposed the concept of Kazakhstan's voluntary entry into Russia. The same concept was proposed to the Georgians (it turns out, they were going to be cut out by the Persians), the Balts (the Prussians were going to enslave them), the Ukrainians (they were cut out by the Poles and Krymchaks), etc. This concept remained key until 1991.
At the moment, the last concept has been forgotten, but remained in the mentality of those who studied at school and universities in those years. The reason for the preservation in the Kazakh society of the main thesis of the previous concept is the same,
the "batyr" theme, widely developed by folk history, which cannot be imagined without the greatly inflated Dzungar-Kalmyk threat.
We Kazakhs forget that the mother of Khan Tauekel II was the daughter of Taisha Kundelik, who stopped the third Kazakh-Dzhungar warrior in the 17th century; the combined military forces of the Kazakhs in 1724 almost caused the physical extermination of the Volga Kalmyks; during the period of "aktabanda" people who lived in the cities and oases of Central Asia suffered most of all, and much more. We Kazakhs-Mongols-Kalmyks must and must overcome the previous pages of mutual alienation and become collaborators, partners in the 21st century in the search for scientific truth in common history.
Further study of the history of the Altai peoples, without combining the common efforts of the Mongol-Kalmyk and Kazakh historians, is impossible. I propose on the pages of this site to unite efforts for the scientific and objective research of the Türko-Mongolian WORLD
Topic 2. Geography.
For many years I have been teaching mainly in the first year. Every year after the first lectures on the history of ancient Kazakhstan, a student always comes up to me and asks the same question, but worded in a different way. It sounds something like this. Aktobe city is located in "Central Asia". My family and I are going to the city of Orenburg. We cross the Ural River with the borders of ASIA and EUROPE and find ourselves in Europe. Where is West Asia left? Between the two banks of the Ural River? How did we from "Central Asia" immediately find ourselves in Europe?
The term "Central Asia" entered the modern oecumene from the speeches of politicians. Indicates what was previously called the region "Kazakhstan and Central Asia", plus Mongolia (meaning Khalkha). In creating a new geographic region, politicians and scholars have forgotten that the old traditional geographic concepts continue to function and remain quite relevant.
Inner China - "East Asia". Nobody argues about this.
Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan,
Topic 3.
On the banks of the Kumak River.
To the 80th anniversary of the great scientist
We talk and write a lot about Kazakh statehood. Such a category as "statehood" has many facets, nuances and aspects. No one doubts the existence of a state organization in modern Kazakh society. But "statehood" provides for such concepts as "origins", "roots", "prehistory". Because of the "Bekmakhanov syndrome", Kazakhstani historical science was deeply indebted to the Kazakh society.
The first to take real steps to close this debt was Bulat Eshmukhambetovich Kumekov. Rarely, whose monograph on his Ph.D. thesis has a powerful impact on oriental studies and the entire historical science of the USSR. The complete scientific formulation of the medieval ethnos "Kimeks" became part of a great discovery. Bulat Eshmukhambetovich developed a unique methodology for the study of state institutions among the medieval ethnic groups of Inner and Central Asia. His approaches to understanding the essence of administrative-territorial divisions in nomadic societies created a platform for studying statehood and law in medieval Turkic-speaking societies.
In the works of B.E. Kumekov, the study of such medieval ethnic groups as the Kimeks and Kuman-Kipchaks received a comprehensive scientific groundwork (problems of genesis), as well as a full-fledged methodological approach for studying the statehood of these ethnic groups. In his works, a smooth transition of the Kok-Turkic political traditions to the Kimek, then to the Kuman-Kypchak, Golden Horde and Kazakh traditions can be traced. He created a whole direction in Kazakhstani historical science, actively functioning, and also educated a school of researchers of medieval forms of statehood and law.
Recognizing the patterns in history, Bulat Eshmukhambetovich repeatedly told us about the role of accidents both in history and in the fate of a person. The life of Bulat Eshmukhambetovich himself is a huge number of coinciding accidents that have become a pattern. He is a descendant of the legendary Tulegen from the Kyz Zhibek dastan, who came from the Zhagalbayly clan. The aul of his ancestors in the middle of the 19th century, after participating in the uprising of Makhambet Utemisuly and Isatay Taimanuly, was forced to move from the banks of Zhaik to the banks of another river - Sary-su. His great-grandfather, Oraz biy, was an educated, intelligent, well-known in history figure of his time, who built a mosque in Shymkent the nineteenth century. He lectured at local madrassas, served as an example of spirituality, wisdom, humanism, took care of young students.
In the 30s. In the twentieth century, due to the intensification of the repressions of the Bolshevik regime, the life of the family of a scientist-theologian in Shymkent became dangerous. Thanks to the help of his grandfather's friends, Kumek, the family moved to the city of Dzhambul (now Taraz), away from the informers. Bulat Eshmukhambetovich was born in this city, graduated from school in 1957 and went to enter the city of Tashkent as a mechanical engineer. However, an accident brought him to the Faculty of Oriental Studies of the Central Asian State University, where he realized that this was his destiny. And despite the fact that he was not immediately enrolled as a student in this faculty, he still remained in the specialty chosen by his heart and never regretted it. After completing his studies, he was in demand in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in scientific institutions of Almaty, Moscow and Leningrad. He visited the entire Arab East, worked as a translator for the USSR on the construction of the Aswan hydroelectric complex in Egypt.
The main scientific activity of Bulat Eshmukhambetovich began in the Leningrad branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR, under the scientific supervision of a remarkable Turkologist - Sergei Grigorievich Klyashtorny. The scientific school of this world famous scientific institution presented to Kazakhstan B.E. Kumekov, an orientalist with a worldwide reputation. It is thanks to the connections and scientific activities of Bulat Eshmukhambetovich that our scientists got directly acquainted with the Turkologists of Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey, the USA and other countries.
I would like to tell a story about another accident. Many years ago, during my doctoral internship in Almaty at KazGUU, I heard a story from Bulat Eshmukhambetovich that when the aul left his native land forever, Bulat Eshmukhambetovich's great-grandfather named the youngest,
a newly born son, by the name of the river on the banks of which there were summer pastures of the Zhagalbayly clan. This was dictated by the desire to preserve in descendants the memory of their native places and the hope of returning. The name of this river is "Kumak". However, over a long period of more than a hundred years, the details of this story were a little forgotten, especially since such a river did not appear on modern maps of Kazakhstan. Bulat Eshmukhambetovich himself thought that the name of his grandfather, which became his surname, became a derivative of the word "komek", i.e. "Help", but from time to time he made repeated attempts to find the land of his great-grandfathers.
In the 70s. XX century a conversation took place between Bulat Eshmukhambetovich and the famous orientalist academician A.N. Kononov. In addition to the scientific issues that were topical at that time, Andrei Nikolaevich drew the attention of Bulat Eshmukhambetovich to the fact that his surname was related to the subject of his research. The thought expressed was remembered by Bulat Eshmukhambetovich.
The case helped in the search. Since the end of the 90s. XX century numerous historical and cultural public organizations began to emerge that dealt with the forgotten pages of the history of our people. The names of glorious batyrs, sultans, biys, volost, etc. were restored in history. One of such organizations - "Tobol-Zhaik" uniting in its ranks social historians of the Kustanai and Aktobe regions and headed by B. Kultaev in 2012 turned to Bulat Eshmukhambetovich for help to resolve a number of issues on the history of the region and invited the batyr Zhankaska to the opening of the mazar Taimasuly. However, that year, due to extreme employment, Bulat Eshmukhambetovich could not come to their event, but asked me to participate on his behalf and the entire scientific community. Since this year, I have often participated in various events of this society and discovered a lot of new and interesting things about the history of our region.
In 2016, we prepared a field expedition to the graves of two leaders and participants in the anti-Dzhungarian war, Totay and Estekbai batyrs. Both graves were located on the territory of the Novoorsk district of the Orenburg region. We studied the materials of our ethnographic informants from Aktobe, the Kazakh society of Orsk, a map of the area of the upcoming expedition. It turned out that the auls of both batyrs were on the banks of the river, which local residents, incl. Kazakhs called it "Kumachka". We found this river on the map, where it was listed under the correct name "Kumak".
The expedition left only in 2017. We studied the ancient Kazakh necropolises, traveled half of the Novoorsk region and, as part of the program, reached the bank of the Kumak river. It was one of the most scenic spots we saw in those days.
Next to the ancient Kazakh cemetery, the Kumak river flows majestically, nearby there are rocky ledges and, despite the middle of summer, unburned steppe grass to the waist. On the banks of the Kumak rivers there are many old Kazakh necropolises, which, upon careful study, contain a lot of interesting information.
The pastures of the medieval Turkic people "Kimeks" reached the banks of this river. They were so enchanted by the beauty of this land that they remained here as an ethnonym, divided into related units of Kazakhs and Bashkurts. Here to this day live Kazakhs belonging to the clans of the Younger Zhuz.
In 2018 Bulat Eshmukhambetovich arrived in Aktobe. In the city of Khromtau, the regional akimat and a number of public organizations organized a celebration of the anniversary of a prominent public figure of the turn of the century - D. Berkimbaev. Bulat Eshmukhambetovich in his busy schedule set aside two days for a trip to the banks of the river. Kumak.
After crossing the border, we were met by activists of the Kazakh society of Orsk, who, having shown all the traditions of hospitality, prepared a sacrificial animal. Before preparing a memorial dinner in the city of Orsk, it was decided to go to the Kumak River in the region of the village of Karaganka.
We got to the ancient Kazakh necropolis at sunset. Bulat Eshmukhambetovich, a very reserved man in Kazakh traditions, was greatly impressed by the beauty of the area. He walked between the graves of his ancestors, read the epitaphs written in an old Kazakh Arabic alphabet. At each stele at the foot, a tamga of the zhagalbayly clan is knocked out. Probably, only at such a moment, being among the shadows of those who knew his great-grandfather, playing with his grandfather's older brothers, one can sharply, from the inside, feel the time and history of our people.
It was already dark. In Orsk, excited relatives were waiting for us. They prepared an ace in honor of the Aruachs. After, they accompanied us to the border. We drove out into the night. In the morning in the city of Khromtau, events dedicated to the memory of Derbisaly Berkimbaev began. Bulat Eshmukhambetovich was entrusted with the honor of opening a monument to a prominent public figure, he was the main speaker at the plenary session of the scientific conference.
Saying goodbye at the airport, we agreed to visit the bank of the Kumak River again ...
The teacher is 82 years old
On August 5, 2022, our Mentor turned 82 years old. Academician B.E. Kumekov is not just a scientist, he is an example of what a scientist, a creator, should be like. He created a whole trend in Kazakh history - Kypchak studies.
Found, pulled out of centuries of oblivion and presented to the world the society and state of the medieval people of the Kimeks. In total to what He was involved - not to enumerate. And today we are proud that together with him we are writing history, in particular, the 2nd volume of the future seven-volume history of Kazakhstan.
Bolat yeah be happy! Let health not leave you!
Qut pen Bereke tleimiz!