ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE JOURNAL

Ice Age in the history of mankind. Mikulinskoe interglacial, the name of the era of warm climate at the beginning of the late Pleistocene (from 70 to 110 thousand years ago) on the territory of the European part of the East European platform, preceding the second Valdai glaciation. Corresponds to the Riss-Würm interglacial or Eems in Western Europe, Kazantsev in Western Siberia, i.e. 100,000 years ago there was no glaciation, but rather a warming of the climate.

Kazakh biys. It is generally accepted that biys are judges. This is not entirely true. The historical realities of the middle of the 17th century sharply raised the role of biys. In 1680, under Khan Tauk, the council of biys was approved. These included: Karlygash Tole-bi, Kazdaust Kazybek bi, Aiteke bi, Kyrgyz Kokym bi, Karakalpak Sasyk bi, Mukhamed bi. Sasyk bi was chosen as the eldest. The Biys Council was a permanent institution. And although consultative rights were imputed to him, the khan had to reckon with the decisions of the biys. Judging by the fact that “Zhety-Zhargy” was compiled by biys, the council of biys had the functions of initiating separate legal norms, the khan gave these norms by his decree the rights of legitimacy.

Shahinshah Dariy and Behistun inscription. Trilingual (ancient Persian, Elamite and Akkadian) cuneiform text on the Behistun rock (Bisutun), North-West of modern Iran, carved by order of King Darius I about the events of 523-521. BC NS. The most important of the inscriptions of the Achaemenid kings and one of the largest epigraphic monuments of antiquity. Read (mostly) in the 30's and 40's. XIX century by the English scientist G.K. Rawlinson, which marked the beginning of deciphering the cuneiform writing of many peoples of the ancient East. The inscription was carved on the territory of ancient Media at an altitude of 105 meters from the road connecting Babylon and Ecbatana. The dimensions of the inscription are about 7 meters high and 22 meters wide. The bas-relief depicts Darius under the auspices of the god Ahuramazda, who meets his defeated enemies. The rock below the inscriptions was cut vertically and made almost inaccessible for preservation purposes.

The text consists of 4 columns, written in three languages (Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian) and dating from 521-520. BC e., and 5 columns, written only in ancient Persian and is a later addition.